February 25, 2025 – 14.30h – Room Sala de Recepcions

We estimate the value of a public health system exploiting a conjoint experiment in nationally representative surveys in Brazil, France and the United States in which respondents choose between different societies that randomly vary in their economic outcomes (country income, income inequality, social mobility), political outcomes (public healthcare, democracy), and the level of personal income for each respondent. This allows us to estimate the respondents’ willingness to trade off publicly provided healthcare for individual income as well as other societal attributes. We find that, on average, individuals have a strong preference for a public health system. They would need a large increase, equal to two times the average income of the country in France, and equal to 50% of the average income of the country in Brazil and the US. Most respondents support public healthcare and they do it with more intensity than its opponents. Demand for state-provided healthcare is largely driven by other-regarding preferences. Respondents that think that poverty is the outcome of luck or lack of connections, and those who lean to the political left and believe the world is zero-sum are more likely to support a public health system. Demographic traits seem uncorrelated with support for a public health system – with the exception of household wealth, which is associated with lower levels of support in France and the US.

La participació de les dones al mercat laboral ha convergit amb la dels homes en moltes economies desenvolupades en les darreres dècades. Per exemple, a la zona euro (segons dades del mercat laboral d’Eurostat), el percentatge de dones treballadores de 20 a 64 anys va passar del 54,9% a l’any 2000 al 67,2% al 2019, un increment de 12,3 punts percentuals. Durant el mateix període, aquesta estadística es va mantenir bastant estable per al cas dels homes, amb un lleu augment de només 2 punts percentuals. Les dades sobre les bretxes de gènere a l’OCDE també revelen una reducció de la bretxa salarial (expressada com a percentatge dels ingressos mitjans dels homes) als països de l’OCDE, del 18,1% a l’any 2000, al 12,6% al 2019. Tanmateix, les dones continuen estant infrarepresentades en les ocupacions de més nivell professional i més ben pagades, i sobrerepresentades en els treballs a temps parcial i més insegurs.

The prevalence and determinants of intimate partner violence (IPV) among older women are understudied. This paper documents that the incidence of IPV remains high at old ages and provides the first evidence of the impact of access to income on IPV for older women. We leverage a Mexican reform that lowered the eligibility age for a non-contributory pension and a difference-in-differences approach. Women’s eligibility for the pension increases their probability of being subjected to economic, psychological, and physical IPV. The estimated effects are found only among women in the short term and are more pronounced for women who experienced family violence in childhood and those from poorer households. Looking at potential mechanisms, we find suggestive evidence that men use violence as a tool to control women’s resources. Additionally, women reduce paid employment after becoming eligible for the pension, which may result in more time spent at home and greater exposure to violent partners. In contrast, we show that IPV does not increase when men become eligible for the non-contributory pension.